Group+13


 * 1) 1 Nichole Rego
 * Essential Question:** How are the women of Rwanda rebuilding their lives? and How does tha compare to the Darfurian women trying to rebuild in the middle of a Genocide?

Here's the link to online book about I was taking about: Shattered Lives: Sexual violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its aftermath. [|http://books.google.com/books?id=k05FtHAc50AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Shattered+lives:+sexual+violence+during+the+Rwandan&source=bl&ots=XdPJbKnMjR&sig=0X5OVnx9Nr-8SHMQCdbEsYqpny0&hl=en&ei=1sRxS_32K4X-sgOEs6yoCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false].

Here's our proposal. sorry it took so long.

Group 13 Proposal Essential Question: How does the events of the Rwandan and Darfur Genocides effect the lives of the women? We chose to research this topic because we mutually agreed that we were interested in both the treatment of women in other countries besides the United States and genocide. We felt this was an important topic to study because as young women living in Hawai’i, we don’t see the violence and torment women in Rwanda and Darfur have experienced in their day to day lives during the genocides. As a group we had to compromise our interests because we had different preferences on which genocide we wanted to focus on. Due to previous English and Religion lessons, we know that the Rwandan Genocide was sparked due to “racial” differences among their own country men because of Belgium settlers that split the country of Rwanda in to two specific groups, Tutsis and Hutus. The Darfur genocide continues to happen to this day due to religious differences among the Muslim and non Muslim people. We also know that in both genocides women were brutally murdered through rape and slaughter, however we’d like details not generalizations. Various books such as “Left to Tell” by Immaculee Ilibagiza, and “An Ordinary Man” written by Paul Rusesabagina and the documentary “Darfur Diaries” gave us some background information on both genocides for our project. We will using other sources such as “Shattered Lives” a book explaining the horrific actions inflicted sexually on the Rwandan women. We will also be using Ebsco for magazine and newspaper articles, movies like “Hotel Rwanda”, and other appropriate internet sources to further our knowledge on this topic. The skills needed for this project include time management, reading and writing (only the important details and facts), paraphrasing, and communication. We feels as a group we will be able to do this project efficiently and cohesively and with your approval we plan to start immediately.

Timeline:
 * March 2: We plan to have all our research completed, and we plan to use wikispaces to keep each other focused.
 * March 3: Start working on our first draft during opens and through wikispace.
 * March 29: We will have our first draft completed.
 * March 31: First Draft due.
 * April ?: (depending on when first draft is returned) we will start editing.
 * April 14: Start working on our presentation display.
 * April 27: Final draft due.
 * May 10: Complete our powerpoint.
 * May 14: Present!

Check out this website, its got direct quotes from women currently in refugee camps! wooop wooppppp jack pot :D [].

Another thing is if you're using google type in "women in darfurian refugee camps" its got the load of articles and blogs of women. []

Here's a link to a summary and other tidbits of that autobiography of a woman's survival from the Darfurian genocides that I was talking about a couple weeks ago. You know, the one where her village gets pillaged, all the women get raped, and the majority of them get sold into slavery (her included) while the others are left to die in a pool of their own blood? Anyways, the bulk of the story happens before the killings in Darfur were even considered genocides by the United Nations, so I'm not particularly sure if her account of her life after the killings in her village count. The story begins in the Nuba Mountains of Sudan, where it eventually brings Mende (that's the woman telling the story) to Sudan's capital city of Khartoum (where she gets sold off into slavery)(and where refugees of Darfur are mainly to be found, even today), and then finally to London (where she arrives yet still a slave, but gains her freedom). I'll bring the book tomorrow. Click here!

And here's Rwanda Women’s Network (RWN), an organization devoted to "survivors of sexual and gender-based violence across the country in the recognition that women and children bore the brunt of the genocide, and remain the most vulnerable and marginalised groups within Rwanda civil society." I think quite a handful of the women working in it are survivors of the genocide themselves. [|Clicky clicky!]

This article is about the women building back Rwanda after their families and lives were broken. I'll have the article printed out and key ideas highlighted by tomorrow, too. [|Click goes the uh...What animal goes click?]

Oh, and this one's about women in the Rwandan government. A majority of the Rwandan men were killed, so now it's up to the women, like in Darfur, to rebuild Rwanda. Will have article printed and highlighted as well. [|Geckos making clicking noises!]

_

HEY JARDINE! I got your note. i agree with you. you plan sounds good. I'll be home a little earlier than four but jucst facebook me or something. -Nichole

Here's the outline. I'm not sure whether or not we should keep Sections 1 and 2 because without them, we'd only have 2 major sections. The indents in the Works Cited aren't working either.

I. Intro: How are the women of Rwanda rebuilding their lives? And how does that compare to the Darfurian women trying to rebuild in the middle of a genocide? II. Rwanda Genocide a. History of Rwanda Genocide i. “Africa's largest genocide in modern times" b. Why did the Rwanda Genocide happen i. “sparked by the death of the Rwandan President" c. Victims of the Rwanda Genocide today i. “the scale and speed of the slaughter left its people reeling" III. Darfur Genocide a. History of Darfurian Genocide i. “From Febraury 2003 non-Arab residents in Darfur especially the Fur, Massaleit, Zaghawa, Tunjur, Birgid, and Dajo tribes have been raped, murdered, and tortured by Arab militia called the "Janjaweed". Supposedly uncontrolled by the Government who refuses to help." b. Why did the Darfurian Genocide happen i. “ When the Sudan Liberation Army and the Justice and Equality Movement rebelled against the government due to accusations of the government favoring Arabs not blacks." c. Victims of the Darfurian genocide today i."Some women have moved on and started new lives, but carry their past with them." IV. Rwanda women reconstruction a. Rwanda women foundations i. “Women take lead in reconstruction of Rwanda" b. Rwanda women in government i. “We are the future.” V. Darfurian women reconstruction a. Darfur women foundations i.“Several SGV (sexual and gender-based violence) oraganizations have tried to get awareness out to stop this." b. Mende: My True Story i. “Maybe my story will have a happy ending, after all." VI. Conclusion: How are the women of Rwanda rebuilding their lives? and How does tha compare to the Darfurian women trying to rebuild in the middle of a Genocide?

__Works Cited__

"Rwanda: How the Genocide Happened." // BBC NEWS //. British Broadcasting Corporation, 18 Dec. 2008. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. . " What Has Happened in Darfur?" //Save Darfur//. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. . Nazer, Mende. // Slave: My True Story //. New York: Public Affairs, 2004. Print. // :: Rwandan Women Community Development Network Official Website :: //. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. . // The Guardian // 17 Dec. 2008: 18-18. The Guardian, 17 Dec. 2008. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. . Enda, Jodi. "Women Take Lead in Reconstruction of Rwanda." // Global Policy Forum //. 16 Nov. 2003. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. . "Genocide in Darfur- How the Horror Began." //Eric Reeves.// Sudan Tribune, 3 September 2005.  "Tell Congress: Speak Up for Survivors of Sexual Violence in Darfur." //Physicians for Human Rights 2008.// Darfuri Women. 24 November 2009.  "My New Husband Doesn't Know." //Gurukarm Khalsa.// Darfuri Women. 03 March 2009.  "Q&A: Sudan's Darfur Conflict." //BBC News.// British Broadcasting Corporation, 8 February 2010. []


 * ALRIGHTY! so i filled in some of the parts with quotes and added one more section. i also put thw work cited in alpha order.**

a. ** History of Rwanda Genocide i. “Africa's largest genocide in modern times" i. “sparked by the death of the Rwandan President" i. “the scale and speed of the slaughter left its people reeling " i. “From Febraury 2003 non-Arab residents in Darfur especially the Fur, Massaleit, Zaghawa, Tunjur, Birgid, and Dajo tribes have been raped, murdered, and tortured by Arab militia called the "Janjaweed". Supposedly uncontrolled by the Government who refuses to help."-“ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We had everything at home in Darfur, everything we needed.” i. “ When the Sudan Liberation Army and the Justice and Equality Movement rebelled against the government due to accusations of the government favoring Arabs not blacks." -“ refused to control increasingly violent Arab militia raids of African villages in Darfur” i. "Some women have moved on and started new lives, but carry their past with them.”-“ There were three Janjaweed in the house wearing Sudanese army uniforms.” i. “Women take lead in reconstruction of Rwanda" i. “We are the future.” i. .“Several SGV (sexual and gender-based violence) oraganizations have tried to get awareness out to stop this." i. “Maybe my story will have a happy ending, after all." **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">VII. ** **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Conclusion: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> How are the women of Rwanda rebuilding their lives? And How does that compare to the Darfurian women trying to rebuild in the middle of a Genocide?
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I. ****<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Intro: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> How are the women of Rwanda rebuilding their lives? And how does that compare to the Darfurian women trying to rebuild in the middle of a genocide?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">II. ****<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rwanda Genocide
 * b.** Why did the Rwanda Genocide happen
 * c.** Victims of the Rwanda Genocide today
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">III. ****<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Darfur Genocide **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * a.** History of Darfurian Genocide
 * b.** Why did the Darfurian Genocide happen
 * c.** Victims of the Darfurian genocide today
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">IV. ****<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Violation of Human Rights **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What articles of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights were violated?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Where these rights always enforced?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">c. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How are the women from Darfur learning from the experiences of the Rwandan women that are Victims of genocide?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">V. ****<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rwanda women reconstruction **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * a.** Rwanda women foundations
 * b.** Rwanda women in government
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">VI. ****<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Darfurian women reconstruction **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * a.** Darfur women foundations
 * b.** Mende: My True Story

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">__Works Cited__ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Enda, Jodi. "Women Take Lead in Reconstruction of Rwanda." // Global Policy Forum // <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. 16 Nov. 2003. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. <[]>. // The Guardian // <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 17 Dec. 2008: 18-18. The Guardian, 17 Dec. 2008. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. <[] humnan-rights>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Khalsa, Gurukarm. "‘There were three Janjaweed in the house’". Physicians for Human Rights. Feb11 <http://darfuriwomen.phrblog.org/2009/03/03/%e2%80%98there-were-three-janjaweed-in-the-house%e2%80%99/>. Khalsa, Gurukarm. "‘We had everything at home in Darfur’". Physicians for Human Rights. Feb 11 <http://darfuriwomen.phrblog.org/2009/03/03/%e2%80%98we-had-everything-at-home-in-darfur%e2%80%99/>. "My New Husband Doesn't Know." //Gurukarm Khalsa.// Darfuri Women. 03 March 2009. <[]> Nazer, Mende. //Slave: My True Story//. New York: Public Affairs, 2004. Print. //:: Rwandan Women Community Development Network Official Website :://. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. <[]>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"Q&A: Sudan's Darfur Conflict." //BBC News.// British Broadcasting Corporation, 8 February 2010. <[]> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reeves, Eric. "Genocide in Darfur - How the Horror Began". Physicians for Human Rights. Feb16 <http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Africa/Genocide_Darfur_Hx.html>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"Rwanda: How the Genocide Happened." // BBC NEWS // <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. British Broadcasting Corporation, 18 Dec. 2008. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. <[]>. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"Tell Congress: Speak Up for Survivors of Sexual Violence in Darfur." //Physicians for Human Rights 2008.// Darfuri Women. 24 November 2009. <[]> <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">" <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What Has Happened in Darfur?" //Save Darfur//. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. <[]> <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. Williams, Sandra. "Camps in Darfur Overcrowded." __Suite101.com. 25 May 2007. <http://poverty.suite101.com/article.cfm/camp_in_darfur_overcrowded>__. __Rwanda Living Forgiveness.__ Agape International. Ralf Springhorn. 2005.

THESE ARE THE TWO SECTIONS WE NEED TO EXPAND ON:

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">**V.** **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rwanda women reconstruction **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. “Women take lead in reconstruction of Rwanda" i. “We are the future.”
 * a.** Rwanda women foundations
 * b.** Rwanda women in government

i. .“Several SGV (sexual and gender-based violence) oraganizations have tried to get awareness out to stop this." i. “Maybe my story will have a happy ending, after all."
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">VI. ****<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Darfurian women reconstruction **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * a.** Darfur women foundations
 * b.** Mende: My True Story

Darfur Genocide History Stefanie DeBiasi February of 2003, the twenty first century experienced its first genocide in the country of Sudan, specifically in Darfur. The conflict between the Arabs and the African Tribal groups such as the Fur, the Massaleit, the Zaghawa, the Tunjur, the Birgid, the Dajo, and others (Reeves, “Genocide in Darfur- How It All Began”). The NIF (National Islamic Front) which is currently in power, is somewhat repeating history because in 1992 the Nuba Mountains were occupied violently by Jihad to protect natural resources from the people who were currently residing there. (Reeves, “Genocide in Darfur- How It All Began”), which was pointed out by Max de Waal from the British group Justice Darfrm in the London Review of Books. This indicates that the National Islamic Front have a history of genocidal acts and seem to have no intentions of stopping. This group who was involved with international oil companies in Canada, Sweden, Austria, China, and Malaysia, demanded that the oil in Sudan be protected to insure that oil could be provided, and by that they meant exterminating the local residents which are African tribal groups (Reeves, Genocide in Darfur- How It All Began). Along side of oil, tension between the Arabs and Africans is caused by ethnic differences and accusations of racism amongst the two, where the Arabs are played as favorites. When Muslims took power in Sudan, the SLM (Sudan Liberation Movement) and JEM (Justice and Equality Movement) groups started lashing out violently at the government due to feelings of oppression towards the African Tribes (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). In response to the rebellion acts against the government, so called “self-defense militia” were released to defend against the rebels. Coinciding with the governmental attacks on the African Tribes were the attacks of the Janjaweed militia, where many refugees claimed to have been attacked consecutively by the government forces then by the Janjaweed right after, which caused a sufficient amount of suspicion (“Q&A: Sudan‘s Darfur Conflict”). Gurukarm Khalsa reveals an inside look at the women victims of the Darfur Genocide, and allows them to share bits and pieces of their experiences. One woman, claimed that the Janjaweed militia attacked her at home, raping her and her sister, and killing off several of her family members (Khalsa, “There were three Janjweed in the House”). She also claimed to have seen three of the Janjaweed militia in her home wearing Sudanese military attire. Another story is a heartbreaking one because before the genocide started, she led a good life having all she and her family needed. They farmed and carried livestock, and were able to sell and make profit at markets but lost it all (Khalsa, “We Had Everything”). Current victims are fleeing the country to neighboring countries such as Chad, and others residing in refugee camps in Darfur. Even in the camps, the victims are still not completely safe, women in particular who make up 75% of refugee camps are still faced with domestic violence within the camps due to stress, fear, and boredom of the men in the camps. In the camps, the people are suffering from a lack of food due to the increasing amount of people entering them. In 2007 alone, an approximated 323,635 refugees arrived at the camps and the number continues to grow (Williams, “Camps in Darfur Overcrwoded”).
 * Stef's Final Draft**

Reconstruction of Darfuri Women Stefanie DeBiasi Rather than calling it reconstruction of Darfuri women, it should be the process of Darfuri women. Through the trying times of genocide many women were beaten, raped, sold into slavery, and even murdered (“Tell Congress: Speak Up For Survivors of Sexual Violence in Darfur”). Considering the fact that the genocide still persists and will maybe continue for much longer, the women have not been as fortunate as the Rwandan women who have been able to rebuild their lives and their country and even take control in running the country (Enda, “Women Take Lead in Reconstruction of Rwanda”). The fact is Sudan is run by Muslim government where women are not equal nor superior to men, therefore indicating that the women of Darfur will never reconstruct as successfully as the women of Rwanda. However, for those who were successful in escaping have tried rebuilding their lives and work on rebuilding lives of others by sharing their testimonies and experiences of the genocide through blogging hoping to get the message out there about whar is happening and asking for help. The PHR brought to the attention of many that Sexual and Gender Based Violence (SGV) was a huge problem in Sudan and needed attention immediately. This program is hoping to diminish the sexual violence crimes in Sudan, and continues to gain support. (“Tell Congress”). The women still have much more work to do and many more struggles to endure before we can really see any reconstruction of their lives. Getting back on their feet would be the first step, but of course that would be much more easier said than done. Another step forward in reconstruction would be to follow Rwandan’s in spiritual guidance and look deep inside them to forgive the killers. Again that would be much easier said than done. In Rwanda the people were able to come face to face with many of their families’ murderers in groups called “Gacaca”. In these groups the perpetrators were able to ask forgiveness from the victims of the genocide and the victims could choose to show up and reconcile and make peach which many of them did. It’s apparent that the Rwandan people were able to move forward with the power of Jesus Christ. Church was a huge help, listening to bible versus, and finding Jesus gave them the opportunity to find peace of mind and send hatred away which would ultimately bring them close to God. (//Rwanda Living Forgiveness).// If Darfuri women can do the same thing and find God through all the darkness of genocide, reconstruction will be much more attainable. They may not find themselves running the country like the Rwandan women, but moving forward, getting their lives back on track, or starting over completely will be a great success.

Stefanie DeBiasi Global Issues Reflection May 17, 2010 On the journey of this project, I fee that I did exceptionally well. During the first month or so I admit I slacked and didn’t really do much research. Around February was when I started really gathering my information which I think I did a good job on because I got the information I needed to answer my topics of the project. I also feel I did a good job researching because I learned a lot along the way of writing the paper. Being able to paraphrase and use information without copyrighting it was hard but manageable for me and I think I did pretty well on that. I also wrote all my drafts ahead of time and turned them in on the specific due dates. Which leads me to believe that I managed my time very well, especially compared to all the other projects I’ve ever done where I usually wait until the last minute possible. The presentation was something that I feel I did good on, but I could have prepared better for it. I am not the best public speaker, because my mind goes blank and I can have note cards right in front of my face and still have no idea what to say. As a group I think we did well. We worked efficiently together meaning we always did our stuff on time and we were able to put together the paper and presentation easily but one thing I really noticed about Nichole, Jardine, and I was that we were very independent from each other. We didn’t work as a group on much except for the powerpoint. During the lecture mod, we talked about what we were going to work on and that was it. We didn’t really ask for help from each other, we just did our own thing the whole time. Sometimes it felt like there was a lack of communication but I mean it worked for us because we did everything we needed to and I honestly liked working with them. It was a good experience, it was a group project that felt like an individual project so it had the perks of working with other people and not doing a completely heavy load all alone, but at the same time we were able to do our own thing. Admittedly sometimes I got frustrated with Jardine only because she didn’t speak up or she didn’t communicate that much with me and I think Nichole, but it was all for nothing because she did everything she needed to and she did a great job on all of it. I’m glad I got to work with her and Nichole, I learned that it’s kind of better to work with people you aren’t really close with because you get so much more work done so much faster. The skills we felt we would need for the project were time management, reading and writing (only the important details and facts), paraphrasing, and communication. I think we achieved all of them except maybe communication. I think we needed to work a little more on that one. Three things that impacted me from the research were reading and fully understand what I was about to try and explain myself, time management really is a good thing, and the internet is NOT the best place to look for information for several reasons: 1) it’s too broad, 2) some information was obscenely false, and 3) ebsco is almost impossible to figure out L . For next year, I feel that you guys should add more options. Like poverty in third world countries or child labor. I feel it would make things a lot more interesting because during the presentations, there was so much repetitive information and I could tell that by G-Mod and H-Mod EVERYONE was bored out of their brains (that includes the teachers as well, Mr. Chu was sleeping and Mr. Bonning looked like he was going crazy). So I think if there are more options for research then presentation day would be much more tolerable and even for you teachers, reading papers would probably suck a little less if you guys had more variety. Other than that, the project was a lot easier than the previous classes made it out to be and can honestly say that I am much more educated about Rwanda and Darfur than I was last year in 2009 before starting the project. Lastly, the thing I liked about doing this project was that it was on two subjects that are really important. It’s about things most people are really oblivious to and now I feel like with the knowledge that I have, there’s more opportunity for me to try and help.