Group+09

__ Tiffany- __ ** Link(s) to help with research: []
 * __Choice of Research:__ Genocide in Africa

In 1993 a power-sharing agreement was signed between the Hutu-dominated government and the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a Tutsi-led rebel group. The following year, as fighting between the Hutu and Tutsi escalated, most government officials fled or were killed. The RPF and its allies took power; subsequently, a multiethnic transitional government was formed, led by the Tutsi, with a president who was a Hutu. A new constitution was adopted in 2003, and elections were held. In 2006 Rwanda reorganized its previous 12 provinces into a smaller number of regions, with the aim of creating ethnically diverse administrative areas. Executive power is vested in a president, popularly elected for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term), and a cabinet that is appointed by the president. The legislative power is exerted by the bicameral parliament consisting of the Senate (26 members, chosen by local councils and other mechanisms, to serve 8-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies (80 members, most elected by popular vote, to serve 5-year terms). --> Taken from: []
 * __Government involved with Rwanda:__


 * __Government involved with Darfur:__ Article on full page taken from: []

Associated Press. “Obama administration will shift policy on Sudan, but say human rights abuses in Darfur must end.” Daily News. 17 Oct. 2009. 31 Jan. 2010 <[]>
 * WP #1**:

To help the government of Sudan, the U.S. officials announce that the White House will direct its policy towards Khartoum. Hillary Clinton along with the U.S. ambassador, Susan Rice, and Scott Gration, Sudan’s envoy, will reveal the policy at a conference held at the State Department. With plans to terminate the abuses in Darfur, a peace agreement was signed with the government of Khartoum. The new policy will not make major rights but was created to lead Khartoum into giving motives for improving Darfur and Sudan.

Gahigi, Moses. "Rwanda: RIAM to Be Revamped." All Africa. 29 Jan. 2010. 9 Feb. 2010 
 * WP #2:**

(After genocide, this is the government plans to do) The government found a solution to reform the Rwandan Institue of Administration and Management (RIAM). They want to strengthen and turn it into a responsive one so they can be aware and address the current and future skills to benefit the needs of the people. Deogratias Harorimansa feels that it is a priority to know that RIAM is built to deliver the needs of the others. He also adds that because the RIAM is not measuring up, this is the reason why they're revamping the institution so that it can become a government that supposed to be aware in terms of knowledge and developing skills. With reforming Rwanda, it requires a flexible public service to changes in the 20th century. A conflict they face is shortage of skills and will take leadership, attitude and mindset to match what they'll bring.

^^ thanks for putting it together for our group, ana! :)

Ana-

sorry it looks super small :/ and im not sure if i put it on here right so yeah my bad Springer, Jane. //Genocide (Groundwork Guides)//. New York: Groundwood, 2007. - another book about genocide this is a [|VIDEO] about the women in Rwanda and how they felt after the genocide women tell their story about what happens to them during the genocide. http://mediastorm.org/0024.htm [|Smallest Witnesses] is about what the children went through in Darfur

WP#1: Pavon, Beatriz. "UN Chronicle | Rwanda: Ten Years Later." //Welcome to the United Nations: It's Your World//. Web. 07 Feb. 2010. . The people of Rwanda are still being affected by the genocide because of the bad aftershock. There's no judicial redress and foreign aid is insufficient. The survivors aren't getting the help they need to rehabilitate. Half of the country's population is in need of aid. Despite all of the government's help and the organizations trying to help out the survivors are still not getting needed help. After the genocide subsided the judicial system has been slow at getting itself together. The processes of financial compensation and restitution for the loss have not been consistant. Another problem is that the percentage of women in Rwanada has drastically decreased because of all the women that lost their lives because of the hundreds of thousands of women that were targeted. It is going to take a lot of action from the government and foreign aid to rebuild Rwanda. 

2/9/10: Hatzfeld, Jean. //Machete Season The killers In Rwanda Speak : a report//. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005 Machete Season is about the people of Rwanda mainly those who participated in the killings. There are many different parts such as the Hutu women who also took part in the killings with their husbands. A few of the men who actually took part in the killings tell their story from the first day to now. Many of the men who told their stories actually had a hard time killing at first, but then they all grew used to it. The people saw it as routine and as something that they all must do. Many of the men who participated in the killings know that forgiveness may not come to them.Those who are not in jail live with the fact that they have killed people and most are fine with it.

This is my outline o and I also wrote the thesis statement that I can up with on it

here tiff this is what i fixed and looked up :)

//__**Jenna**__//__-__ [|http://www.trumenwebdesign.com/~catalina/analysis.htm]

That's my article and it's basically telling us that, in the first paragraph, is that the strategy the Hutus used against the Tutsi is to have 'discoveries' on the cruelty of the Tutsis. So, basically, they viewed the Tutsi's as crazy murderous people that were very burtal, especially with them, and to make them riot and stuff like that against the Tutsi so they ended up killing Tutsis in result. And that is one of the strategies they used. Also, since it's known that in Rwanda there are machetes and certain firearms, the reason for it, according to the link below, because it was freely and easily obtainable, and they cause the most destruction rather than heavy artellery.

[]

Just a reminder here that I've reserved a total of 5 books purely on our Genocide but I think most to all are books on Rwanda.

Proof I live. But in all honesty I won't be here on Monday either and only checked wiki NOW! I've been sick all week. I'll be under schedule since I missed school and missing Monday too. Also a reminder **The library books are due on Tuesday.** I think you can return them without me but any information you want in them get it from them now. I doubt she'll let me borrow it twice and I need to work on the books for my Humanities project too. Here's something I read from in one of my books in a vague summary form:

WP #1: The boy, the only survivor from his school, was trapped in a school hall full of his other schoolmates and teachers and this happened to be because the Head of the school, well, hated them and made the preparations beforehand. The bodies were first chopped outside of the hall and then the rest were stuffed in the building, gasoline poured in the building and he and 3 others survived the initial burning. Then smoke killed some of those people and then when they came in to see if anyone was living and saw that they were the second wave of fire started, leaving him alone. He buried himself under the bodies, suffering burns. And when they checked for the second time he made a break for it, running for it and managing escape. Oh yeah and most people died because they couldn't move and so burned or suffered from the smoke. Or was chopped.

I'll find out more info later but I need the Genocide book to finish the methods of killing.

I returned the book already so I'll go and enter the MLA format cite soon by finding the book on the internet...how much luck I'll have? I'unno and I'll write my second WP #2 based on the methods of killing by the Genocide book.

Since I won't be here Friday, I'll be posting my outline here - the jist of it. If you want me to add more, either of you, just ask me via wiki. I'll check it periodically.

A. Rwanda 1. Death Toll by the end of the Genocide was around 800,000-1,000,000 dead. 2. The Weapon of Choice was Machetes. 3. Killing occurred either via Machete, torture, or torched.
 * . Methods on Killing

B. Darfur 1. Death Toll ending at 2007 is at 200,000-450,000 dead, millions from their homes. 2. The Weapons of choice were guns and bombs. 3. Killings happened with strategy - bombing the villages before the villagers were awake and the survivors were either raped or killed.

This is the new Rwanda and Darfur Methods of Killing outline portion since I couldn't figure out how exactly to save it on the actual document. If it still needs to be lengthened, it will during an open.

//C. Methods on Killing 1.Death Toll by the end of the Genocide was around 800,000-1,000,000 dead. 2. The weapons of choice were machetes and certain firearms. a. freely and easily obtainable b. caused the most destruction rather than heavy artillery. 3. Killing occurred either via Machete, torture, or torched. a. Burning bodies in buildings were commonplace. b. People were often gathered and hacked to death. c. Survivors of the hacking to death would be burned to death by gasoline. 4. Raped countless women. a. Used as sex slaves before killed. b. Usually were gang-raped.//

C. Methods of Killing 1. Death Toll ending at 2007 is at 200,000-450,000 dead, millions from their homes. 2. The Weapons of choice were guns and bombs. 3. Killings happened with strategy - bombing the villages before the villagers were awake and the survivors were either raped, killed or both. 4. African farmers and others were displaced and murdered at hands of Janjaweed. a. claimed 400,000 lives. b. displaced 2,500,000 lives. c. Refugee camps became not safe after awhile. Women could not escape the camps in fear of being raped in the bushes by awaiting soldiers just beyond them. 5. Sudanese government in Khartoum and Janjaweed militia a. used rape, displacement, organized starvation, threats against aid workers and mass murder.

Jenna Silva (Irk! When you see the ??? parts, it's the parts I'm supposed to do extra research on but without the hard copy I couldn't do the research.)

The methods of killing was critical in Genocide to see how effective it was in fulfilling its duties – no matter how disturbing these methods were. The Rwandan Genocide happened in 1994 where, within a short span of 100 days, left a death toll of 800,000-1,000,000 dead and thousands more left without homes (Genocide). It doesn’t take much math to figure out exactly how much damage happened within those short 100 days, which are around 3 and a half months. Possibly 80-100 people died each day. Machetes and certain firearm were the common weapons of choice in this particular genocide. (Genocide) Despite having little power, they were effective weapons. That means they have more destructive power than actual heavy artillery. What made these weapons scary, however, was not by how they were used or how much destruction they have caused. These weapons were scary due to how easily obtainable they were through other organizations in obtaining the weaponry. (Genocide) Common methods of killing in Rwanda were either by Machete, various torture methods, or being torched. (Genocide) Most of the actual killing happened outdoors rather than in homes. Though, if it was conducted inside of a building, they mostly were burning buildings rather than going into the house to hack and slash, another commonplace method of killing. People gathered to be hacked and those who survived the actual torture would be burned via gasoline and have their bodies burned that way. (Genocide) Rape was a serious issue in Rwanda. Rapes would happen very often and the victims of these rapes were countless. (Genocide) However, rape is very common in especially Genocide because it is a type of war tactic that is used in war – and Genocide is just a very sick version of war. Women were often used as sex slaves before the Hutus decided it was best to kill them. However, before the killing would start, they were usually gang-raped. (Genocide) Darfur was a genocide that began 2004 and just recently ended and now has become a civil war. However when it turned Civil war is a mystery. The Death toll since 2007 is at 200,000 to 450,000 dead and millions driven from their homes. Darfur, being one of the more modern Genocides, used guns and bombs as their choice of weaponry instead of what Rwanda had used. (Genocide) Darfur had they’re own strategies of killing. First, they would wait until the villagers were asleep and before they were awake, they would bomb the village by using aircrafts with bombs. Then the Janjaweed Militia would rush in to finish off the escaping villagers who would be, obviously, awoken by the explosion. Though if they found surviving women, they would be raped then killed. Though there were refugee camps, they did not remain safe for long. The inevitable happened where the Janjaweed crossed the borders. Now women were indangered since now refugee camps were attacked. Not only that, but if women, who needed to go out everyday, were caught roaming outside of the refugee camps, they could be raped and killed. (Genocide) Sudanese government and Janjaweed militia was responsible for these deaths in Darfur. (Genocide) They too had methods of killing, which included rape, for the spread of STDs, displacements, organization starvations, and mass murder. There were also threats against aid workers. (Genocide) Despite threats, the UN failed miserably to help anyone in Darfur and people can only question why. The research done in both Rwanda and Darfur in my opinion, and these opinions being supported by facts that have been brought to light from research, can only give me the conclusion in that undoubtly, Rwanda held more destruction in it’s wake than Darfur in almost all areas. This statement is not fact but rather a theory. However, it could possibly be proven wrong but only with further information than what is stated above. Rwanda lasted for 100 days and Darfur is still an on-going Genocide, but turned Civil War. This usually would mean that while Rwanda lasted for several months, destruction would’ve been easily decided because Darfur went on for years and still ongoing. However, that is the opposite in this case. With the destruction in such a small concentration of days and Darfur having such longevity, Rwanda was a more powerful, swift, and fast Genocide as well as brutal while Darfur is a smaller, longer, and less brutal Genocide. But no genocides are soft. This also cane be compared with the number of people who have died. In Rwanda, within 100 days, 800,000 people to 1 million people have died. However, for Darfur, they had 250,000 to 450,000 died. If you just consider the numbers alone, which Genocide killed more people is obvious but if we also know how many days these Genocides have lasted, Rwanda’s Genocide had killed a large amount of people daily than Darfur had. This can also be viewed in terms of the weapons they used. If you think about it, guns would kill more people easily and bombs and the like from Darfur while Rwanda only had machetes and their torturing ways. However, if you consider that ammo sometimes runs out and the machetes could still be useful even if they broke, weapon efficiency becomes clear. In this section of the paper, comparing and contrasting the Rwanda and Darfur Genocide is not meant to belittle either Genocide or strengthen. After all, two wrongs don’t become a right. This is made to simply compare and contrast them from each other. The purpose of this paper entirely is to compare and contrast these two Genocides, not to strengthen or belittle them. If the paper were strictly about that, then we ourselves couldn’t be considered human.

Robinson, Mary. //Taking Aim at Weapons Trade//. Common dreams.org, 7 Oct. 2006. Web. 30 Mar. 2010. [] >.

Fabricus, Karl. //Africa////'s Atrocities in Pictures//. Environmental Graffiti, Web. 30 Mar. 2010. .

// Darfur //// Women Describe Gang-rape Horror //. China Daily, 28 May 2007. Web. 30 Mar. 2010. .

// Darfur Refugees Still Suffering in Chad //. The World, 1 June 2009. Web. 30 Mar. 2010. .

// Darfur //// : Aid Workers Under Attack //. Global Policy Forum, 5 Apr. 2005. Web. 30 Mar. 2010. .

My workcited for the last part of my ??? sources. Will put them in later. Check sources, used easybib.

If you guys need an article for your part of the paper, go to [|www.nydailynews.com]. Go to the national section & maybe you'll find some info :)

Here's the different parts to our project!









^^ Jenna! Here's your part of the slideshow. Put some info & a pic for each as a background! When you're done, put your finished section on here :)

Thanks! I put the pictures of Rwanda and Darfur separately and if you want to add or subtract you can. Yeah I'll mostly be doing talking. And Now I'm trying to figure out how to work this thing.