Group+17



Video (Kapua) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darfur/view/

Website (Kayla) http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/students/curriculum/activities.php

-Mr. Bonning

I found articles. One is about colonization of Africa. It is one of the major reasons for the causes of genocides and racial (tribal) tensions in africa. It also says that media coverage of Africa was limited so a lot of the genocides and conflicts are not known about or they are shown way to late.

​I found some articles that might help us. Here's the links.[] [] [] -pua

***SHANNON**:  --->“Campaign for Peace & Justice in Darfur & All Sudan.” // Africa //// Action //. 12 November 2009. Africa Action. 12 November 2009. 24 January 2010. []. ~this site has a pretty interesting article on it.
 * -summary**: The goal of this article is to raise awareness about the genocide in Darfur. They are working to get people to send postcards to Obama asking him to help make peace and justice in Darfur. Africa Action is hoping to get one million postcards sent to Obama. The article also talked about the severity of the situation in Darfur. It said that there are approximately 300,000 people dead and about 4 million internally displaced people. There are still killings in Darfur even though the massacres from 2003 and 2004 are now over. Africa Action hopes that Obama will follow through on his pledge where he promised "unstinting resolve to end the genocide in Darfur." If not, the one million postcards Africa Action is urging people to send to him will likely get his attention.(1/25)

--->“Rwanda: How the genocide happened.” //BBC// //News.// 18 December 2008. BBC. 18 December 2008. 25 January 2010. []. ~this has good info on the causes. -**summary:** In the Rwandan genocide, it was mainly Hutus killing Tutsis. Approximately 800,000 Rwandans were killed between April and June ’94 (100 days). The thing that put the genocide into motion was when the Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana’s plane was shot down and he died. Tutsi rebel leader Paul Kagame was blamed at the time. One of the main causes for Rwanda’s genocide is ethnic tension between the Hutus and Tutsis. They are very similar (live in the same area, speak the same language, have the same traditions). You can barely tell them apart, though Tutsis are usually taller than Hutus. The reason for the tension is because when Belgian colonists came in 1916, they gave them identity cards stating their ethnicity. To the Belgians, Tutsis were superior. After many years the Hutus got tired of the Tutsis superiority so they began rioting in 1959. In 1962 Belgium gave Rwanda independence and left the Hutus in power. Years later, Hutus were still in power and the Tutsis had had enough. Tutsi refugees in Uganda were forming the Rwandan Patriotic Front, RFP, led by Paul Kagame. They wanted to overthrow Habyarimana and take control. Habyarimana heard of their plans and began accusing Tutsis in Rwanda of being RPF in order to earn trust and popularity with Hutus. He then signed a peace treaty with the RPF in August 1993, but that did little to keep the peace. Habyarimana’s plane was then shot down on April 6, 1994. Then the genocide began. (2/2) People started being killed immediately. First the leaders of the political opposition were killed, and then moderate Hutus and all Tutsis began being killed. Immediately the message was sent out all over the country to kill the Tutsis and anyone who got in their way. At first killers were of higher status, but then many other people joined in on the killing. The 30,000 Interahamwe then began killing as well. Radio propaganda told ordinary citizens to join in too. Many had to murder their friends and neighbors. The rest of the world did nothing to stop any of this. The RPF ended up being the ones to put a stop to all the killing when they captured Kigali. Once the RPF succeeded, about 2,000,000 Hutus fled Rwanda. In the end, Paul Kagame became the new president of Rwanda. There are still conflicts between Hutus and Tutsis today. The Tutsis now want to wipe out the Hutu forces and there is still a Tutsi rebel group. No one has been successful in trying to end the fighting. (2/9)​

--->Okello, Peter Simon. "Genocide in Africa." //iEARN.// iEARN. 8 February 2010. []. ~this article has a lot of info that is very to the point. -**summary:** This article was written by students at St. James Secondary School in Uganda. They define genocide as "the liquidating, eliminating, or killing of a race or community by imposing conditions that make survival a myth." African genocides are caused by many things including lust for power, political differences, poverty, bad government policies like taxation and favoritism, foreign interference, and ethnic differences. Because of genocide, there is a high death rate in Africa. Also because of genocide, there are many underdeveloped places in Africa. There is always so much chaos that there is never any time to develop as a country. Many people move to neighboring countries so those countries now have problems because of all the refugees. Wherever genocide has occurred or there are any people who were affected by genocide, there is an increase in poverty and famine. Also, poor infrastructures are built as a result of the genocide that has occurred. In Africa and in other countries around the world, there have been many attempts to create peace in Africa and put an end to all the violence and hatred. There are peace-keeping forces and liberation movements in affect around Africa, and several countries around the world have offered their assistance to keep the peace. (2/9)

here are some work cited for the proposal =) KAYLA (ps not sure where to put the DR. on the first one) Dr. Scherrer, Christian P. “Preventing Genocide: The Role of the International Community”. __Prevent Genocide__. 18 Feb 2000. Prevent International. 25 Jan 2010  “Issues”. __Peace Pledge Union__. Peace Pledge Union. 25 Jan 2010. < [] >

Outline I. Introduction A. Thesis: Genocide continues to occur in Africa because of colonialism, poverty, government problems, the United Nations, and failed peace agreements.

II. Colonialism A. Boundaries made by countries that took over—“Divide and Conquer ” 1. Rulers made boundaries that split up tribes and also put several tribes together in one society that don’t get along 2. Previously independent B. Fighting for resources 1. Rulers used Africa for wealth and money 2. Did things for themselves without thinking of the effects on Africa 3. In wars Africans were used to help fight for their mother country C. Favoritism—“Divide and rule” 1. Rulers choose minorities to educate and favor “This tactic of divide and rule helped to establish a political system that promoted division based on ethnicity, rather than unity based on a common nation identity” 2. Created jealousy and resentment between tribes that didn’t necessarily get along from the start ”the privileged group will naturally do all that they can to politically protect their privileged, while the disadvantaged groups will attempt to change the situation so as to gain their own advantage” D. Foreign influence 1. Identification cards, religions, etc. E. End of colonialism 1. Rulers left the countries to set up a government for themselves 2. Most were in the 1940’s-1970’s (still young) 3. Resentment

III. Poverty A. Effects of colonialism 1. Because of the boundaries set up and favoritism it left one tribe wealthier than the other 2. Jealousy arises because people want to be rich, wealthy, education, and better jobs 3. The reason the genocides usually start is because one group is jealous of the other Ex. Hutu’s and the Tutsi’s (Rwandan Genocide) B. Lack of education 1. “46 million African children have never set foot in a classroom” 2. Literacy rate of less that 60% C. ”African people fight to eliminate poverty” 1. Incentives of money, food, and property

IV. Government A. Corruption 1. Governments are ignorant and don’t want to stop genocides - “Governments lacked political will to stop the genocide” - "The Government of Sudan has refused to arrest or turn over either of these men" (Ahmed Haroun and Ali Kushayb) B. Political Party Differences 1. Political parties put pressure on members of their groups for them to obey the leaders C. Money 1. Economic inequalities and issues 2."The easy access to natural resources to maintain and fuel rebellions (combined with corporate interests) makes for a nasty combination." D. Leadership Problems 1. Lust for power 2. Leaders manipulate facts to create situations that will be favorable for themselves 3. Leaders pursue their own interests rather than what would be beneficial to their countries E. Government Policies 1. Groups are created and enforced by the government "it is the state that helps to define exactly who is an "enemy" and therefore who is outside of the moral community"

V. United Nations A. Failure to respond 1. Slow in determining genocides 2. Want to stop it but don’t want to risk much 3. Back away too fast B. Unsure of what course of action to take 1. "The important thing is that the deaths stop. How many more will die while the international community argue?" 2. No one seems to help Darfur get better.

VI. Peace Agreements A.The Comprehensive Peace Agreement 1. Was between the Government of The Republic of The Sudan and The Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Sudan People's Liberation Army 2. Acknowledged that the conflict in Sudan is the longest lasting conflict in Africa -was supposed to ensure permanent ceasefire 3. Was never fully upheld B. Peace Agreement between the Government of The Republic of Rwanda and the RPF 1. Was supposed to help the Rwandanese people recover peace -national unity

VII. Human Rights Violations A. Abuse in Africa 1.Goverment in Africa doesn't live up to the standards which they considered to be professional. 2. Children in Sudan have been ask to join the army & also been used as sex slaves. 3.Uncalled for actions like physical abuse are used for punishment in Rwanda. 4. Killing, torture, rape, and destruction of property B. People have been arrested for asking questions 1. Journalists who have any questions on what's going on have been arrested 2. "The prison population has increased to 60,000."

VIII. Rebuilding A. Effects of genocide 1. Famine and poverty increase 2. People cross borders into neighboring countries which then gives those countries refugee problems 3. Many people are killed and those who are not are left with painful memories - "We wanted to put names on the victims - otherwise it just becomes a faceless statistic" B. Chaos within the countries 1. With all the chaos surrounding the effects of a genocide, countries that have been affected never have any time to develop as a country. - "The resulting increased poverty of Sub-Saharan Africa and the immense burden of debt has further crippled Africa's ability to develop." C. Re-occurring cycle of violence 1. Elevated emotions- more anger which causes violence to arise again 2. Tensions will always exist after a genocide, and when people act on the emotions they feel, the cycle of violence continues to occure.

IX. Conclusion A. Thesis: Genocide continues to occur in Africa because of colonialism, poverty, government problems, the United Nations, and failed peace agreements.

Shannon's Works Cited

“Campaign for Peace & Justice in Darfur & All Sudan.” // Africa //// Action //. 12 November 2009. Africa Action. 12 November 2009. Web. 24 January 2010. [].

“Dictionary of Gross Human Rights Violations: Genocide, Causes of”. //Shared Humanity.// 2007. Shared Humanity, 2007. Web. 11 February 2010. [].

“Fact Sheet: The International Criminal Court.” //Save// //Darfur////.// 2008. Save Darfur, 2008. Web. 11 February 2010. [].

Okello, Peter Simon. “Genocide in Africa.” //iEARN//. iEARN. Web. 8 February 2010. [].

“Rwanda: How the genocide happened.” //BBC// //News.// 18 December 2008. BBC. 18 December 2008. Web. 25 January 2010. [].

Smith, Russell. “How many have died in Darfur?” //BBC// //News.// 16 February 2005. BBC News, 16 February 2005. Web. 11 February 2010. [].

“The Comprehensive Peace Agreement between The Government of The Republic of The Sudan and The Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Sudan People's Liberation Army.” //ReliefWeb.// 9 January 2005. Web. 11 February 2010. .

Xenakis, John J. “Today’s slow-motion genocide in Darfur recalls the lightning quick genocide in Rwanda in 1994.” //Generational Dynamics.// 22 August 2004. Web. 11 February 2010. [].

Kayla's Work Cited: "BBC News: AFRICA: UN admits Rwanda genocide failure." //BBC NEWS: News Front Page//. 15 Apr. 2000. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. [].

Kennedy, Elizabeth A. "Africa's children struggle for education - USATODAY.com." //USATODAY.com//. USA TODAY, 2007. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. [].

Michelle. "Blog Action Day 2008: Poverty and Genocide in Darfur." //Stop Genocide//. Change.org, 15 Oct. 2008. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. [].

"Rwanda: How the genocide happened." //BBC News//. BBC News. Web. 25 Jan. 2010. [].

Shah, Anup. "Conflicts in Africa." //Global Issues : social, political, economic and environmental issues that affect us all ? Global Issues//. 30 Nov. 2009. Web. 8 Feb. 2010. .

"BBC New's: Amnesty deplores African rights record." //BBC News: News Front Page.// 26 May 2004. Web. 11 February 2010. <[]>
 * __Kapua's Work Cited:__**

"The Darfur Crisis: Human Rights and Hypocrisy." 01 June 2004. Web. 13 February 2010. <[]>

MacFarquhar, Neil. "U.N. Official Says Darfur Continues to Crumble." //The New York Times.// 20 March 2009. Web. 14 February 2010. [].

"Rwanda Human Rights." //Amnesty International USA.// Web. 17 February 2010. <[]>

"Sudan Human Rights." //Amnesty International USA.// Web. 17 February 2010. <[]>

"Darfur-Overview." //Unite for Children.// Web. 18 February 2010. <[]>

EBSCO SOURCE TO BE USED options Edwords, Fred. "Why Genocide?." //Humanist// 69.1 (2009): 28-30. //Academic Search Premier//. EBSCO. Web. 9 Mar. 2010. -http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=9&hid=4&sid=e1459a80-2b5f-406b-b33b-ac057f6b667f%40sessionmgr11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=35829831