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 Darfur Outline I. Thesis-The United States actions to stop genocide in Darfur has helped to advance United Nations and international peace keeping efforts but has not totally stopped the conflict in the Darfur region because our actions are a compromise of humanitarian, economic, political, and diplomatic considerations.
 * We dont have as much information as before because when I was working on it during spring break everything got deleted..*

II. Background/History A. How did the war start? 1. The war stated in February 2003, when the Sudan Liberation Army and Justice and Equality Movement began attacking the government and accusing the government of oppressing Black Africans in favor of Arabs. 2. One side was made up of the Sudanese military and the Janjaweed, a Sudanese militia group recruited from the Afro-Arab Abbala tribes of the northern Rizeigat region in Sudan. The tribes are mainly camel-herding nomads.

B. How did the government respond? 1. The government denies ties to the Arab Janjaweed militia, who are accused of “cleansing” Black Africans from large territories. 2. President Omar al-Bashir called the Janjaweed “thieves and gangsters” 3. The refugees said air raids by the government aircraft would be followed by attacks from the Janjaweed, who ride into villages and kill men, rape women, and steal what they find

C. What happened to Darfur’s people? 1. The UN states that mare than 2.7 million have fled their homes and now live in camps near Darfur’s main towns. 2. 200,000 people have sought of safety in Chad.

D. Genocide 1. The UN states that 300,000 people have died from the effects of war, famine and disease. President Bashir puts the death toll at 10,000. 2. Accurate figures are difficult to make because there is no distinction between those who died as a result of violence and those who died as a result of starvation or disease in the camps. 3. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The numbers are crucial in determining whether the deaths in Darfur are caused by genocide. 4. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The US and human rights group have said that genocide is taking place. Though in 2005, a UN investigation team concluded that the war crimes had been committed.

E. Rwanda's history 1. Rwanda is roughly around the same size as Massachusetts 2. Country is really poor 3. Hutu wanted to eliminate the Tutsi 4. More Hutu than Tutsi in Rwanda 5. All Rwandans shared the same religion and partook of the same culture 6. April 6, 1994 killings began and lasted for 100 days

III. America’s View A. What we think 1. America thinks that Darfur is a genocide. 2. Major figure heads like movie stars and such are fighting for the people rights in Darfur 3. America put pressure on the government to do something about the killing

B. How/ when did we find out 1. We found out in the middle of the war when people started going to Darfur to film and such. 2. Capilla begged the UN to help the "genocide" in Darfur. 3. Capilla finally went public to pressure the UN to help. 4. Then America stepped in with support groups, and Religious groups helping also.

IV. Solutions <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A. UN 1. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2004: begin relocating refugees to the first safe camp 2. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">UN agencies step up humanitarian support to refugees in Chad 3. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">UN and Sudan sign a joint communiqué where they both make pledges to take away the conflict in Darfur: promise to help African Union deploy ceasefire monitors and provide more humanitarian aid

B. What we did/ When did we start helping? 1. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">parties should follow this agreement and put an end to violence 2. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">give peace talks and give financial support to discussions 3. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">support the African Union peacekeeper and set up and try to pass a resolution through the UN Security Council authorizing a handover of AMIS to UN peacekeepers 4. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">provide more funding, equipment, and logistic support to AMIS to make sure civilians are protected 5. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">reinforce the weapons restriction and U.S. prohibitions against military assist to Sudan

C. When & Why we helped? 1. 2003 2. September 9th, 2004 secretary declared it a genocide 3. Didn’t want to take the risks to help stop the genocide 4.Didn’t want to get involved

D. Why it took so long/ government view 1. It wasn’t that important 2. Government trying to decide civil war between genocide

E. Compare Rwandan help with Darfur help Darfur help: 1. Waited 2 months until genocide was over to start to help Rwandan help: 1.being sheltered in Hotel des Mille Collines by Paul Rusesabagina <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">V. Conclusion: The United States actions to stop genocide in Darfur has helped to advance United Nations and international peace keeping efforts but has not totally stopped the conflict in the Darfur region because our actions are a compromise of humanitarian, economic, political, and diplomatic considerations. Our opinion: The United States should take a more aggressive stand than it has in the past and apply more economic, diplomatic, and political pressure on Sudan and other nations to stop genocide in the Darfur region. Genocide, the mass killing of innocent civilians cannot be reversed once it has occurred so it should be stopped as soon as possible.

__Rough Draft__

__United States Actions to Stop Genocide in Darfur__ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">We chose to do our project on the Darfur genocide to learn about what the United States has been doing to help stop genocide and the conflict in Darfur. The United States actions to stop the genocide in Darfur has helped to advance United Nations peace keeping efforts but has not totally stopped the conflict because of a compromise of humanitarian and diplomatic considerations. This report will discuss the background and history of the conflict and how the actions of the U.S. has contributed to the solution of stopping genocide and the conflict in Darfur. The report will conclude with our opinion on whether the U.S. should do more to end the Darfur conflict. __Background and History: Erin Shirai__ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Darfur conflict started in February 2003, between the Sudan Liberation Army and Justice and Equality Movement against the Government and the Janjaweed militia. It started because the government oppressed Black Africans in favor of Arabs (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). The conflict has economic, political, and ethnic origins. Its economic parts lie in the competition between pastoralists (Arab Africans) and agriculturalists (non-Arab Africans) over resources, such as land and water. Politics has favored Arab Africans over non- Arab Africans. Finally, it has acquired an ethnic dimension in which civilians are deliberately being targeted in the basis of their ethnicity (“What Is The Crisis In Darfur”). One side was made up of Sudanese military and the Janjaweed, a Sudanese militia group recruited from the Afro-Arab Abbala tribes in the Rizeigat region in Sudan. These tribes are camel-herding nomads. The word Janjaweed means devil on horsebacks (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). The government denies any contact with the Arab Janjaweed militia, who are accused of “cleansing Black Africans” from large territories in Sudan (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). President Omar al-Basir called the Janjaweed “thieves and gangsters” although his government has been accused of supporting and supplying the Janjaweed troops (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). Refugees have said that air raids by the government aircrafts were followed by attacks from the Janjaweed, who would ride into villages on horses and camels, killing men, raping women, and raiding houses (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). The United Nations says more that 2.7 million have lost their homes and live in camps near Darfur’s main towns or cross the border into Chad. Darfur natives say the Janjaweed patrol outside of the camps, and men are killed and women are raped if they go too far to search for firewood or water (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). The United Nations say that up to 300,000 people have died from the effect of war, starvation, and disease. President Bashir sets the death toll at 10,000. Accurate figures are hard to research and have made no distinction whether those who died as a result of violence or those who have died as a result of starvation or disease in camps. The numbers are crucial in determining whether the deaths in Darfur are caused by genocide (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). In July of 2004, the African Union Mission in Sudan began deployment. Given a mandate to monitor and report, the mission attempted to provide some measure of security for civilians and aid workers in Darfur. In January of 2005, the UN Secretary-General’s Commission of Inquiry of Darfur issued a report the there were 1.6 million displaced people as a result of the violence and more than 200,000 refugees from Darfur in neighboring Chad (“Darfur History”). In 2006, the Darfur Peace Agreement was signed between the government of Sudan and one of the armed forces fighting in Darfur-the Sudan Liberation Army. Most of the peace agreement has not been implemented. On July 31, 2007, the UN council unanimously passed Resolution 1769 that authorized the deployment of 26,000 peacekeepers and police under the UN African Union Hybrid (UNAMID) mission in Darfur. On January 1, 2008, there was a transfer in command from the African Union to UNAMID (“Darfur History”). The U.S. and human right groups have said genocide is taking place. On the other hand, a UN investigation team in 2005 concluded that war crimes had been committed, but these war crimes did not include genocide. Genocide is defined as the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). Sudan has bought 90% of its weapons that were used in the Darfur war, which were sold by China, in violation of the UN embargo. China has sold 55 million dollars worth of weapons since the violence has been escalating in Darfur, and China is now practically the only weapons supplier for Sudan, which pays China back in oil. Human Rights First insists that, to stop the genocide, these sales must be stopped above all (“90% of the weapons for Darfur come from China”). A lot of time has elapsed since 2003 and while some progress has been made in reaching a partial peace settlement, many feel there should be a greater sense of urgency at the U.N. and other nations like the U.S. to help permanently settle this conflict, which has resulted in genocide in Darfur. There is a difference of opinion on how much the U.S. should be involved in settling the Darfur conflict. Reports conclude the conflict in Darfur has been stabilizing. Armed conflict in the area is nearly over. After a long history of displacement and destruction, the presence of the UN-African Union Mission (Unamid) has created stability in most areas and the opportunities for further progress are strong (de Waal). In August 2009, General Marin Luther Agwai, a Unamid force commander said: “As of today, I would not say there is a war going on in Darfur. ... I think the real thing now is to speed up the political process.” Agwai’s emphasis on the need for political process fits in with the movement of Sudan’s civil society organizations and political parties, which are working to open up the political space for next year’s general elections (de Waal). A different view is taken by international humanitarian campaigns, especially those in the U.S., who claim that they want the same thing as the Sudanese: peace and democracy but call for strong U.S. intervention to carry out these ends. Examples of this are the Save Darfur Coalition and the Enough project, which call for strong U.S. action to end genocide and rely on public emotion and sentiment. Supporters of these movements include film stars and private philanthropists, and other so-called “designer activists”. While these supporters provide awareness about wars and mass atrocities in faraway lands, they also can promote U.S. imperialism in the name of philanthropy rather than allowing the political process in a foreign country address its own problems (de Waal). President Barack Obama so far has resisted the resisted the demands of these movements for direct and greater U.S. involvement over and above what is happening through Unamid and the Sudanese political process. Obama insists that a nation like Sudan should be able to determine its future free from foreign involvement (de Waal). <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold'; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__America’s View: Kailana Sanborn__ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The United Nations found out about the killings in Darfur in 2003. They’ve had numerous meeting to decide if what was happening was actually a genocide. (“On Our Watch) When the rest of the world started to find out about the situation in Darfur, they started putting pressure on the UN to do something about it. More and more young people started to get involved and made Anti-genocide groups like “Dollars for Darfur”(“Americans take up Darfurs cause”)”..our generation is going to have to inherit this whole world full of problems.”(slavin) These groups and rally’s are what pressured the Un to finally send Darfur some relief in 2007. During this time though president Bush came into office. After Clinton didn’t attempt to help with the problems in Rwanda, Bush had to inherit the blame for lack of support, and he had to prove that he was the right man to be put in that position. He felt the pressure that the people of the United States were giving him, so he sent a request to the UN to send American troops as relief into Sudan to the save the people in Darfur. He later got shut down and retracted his request because of the U.S.’ relationship with China, such as oil and also China manufactures many important products for the U.S., would be in jeopardy. So instead of the government fighting for the people of Darfur, they had the people of America fighting. Americans felt a responsibility to their fellow human beings and started to raise money for help. “Dollars for Darfur” put on a rally with games, meetings, bands, and famous speakers to get the youth of America involved. There were people like George Clooney who spoke about the problems in Darfur, because he saw the effects of the war on the people in Darfur. He told of his experiences and of what we can do to help with the situation. Another major group involved was Invisible Children. Invisible children doesn’t focus on Darfur, it mostly focuses on Ugande, but they are an inspiring group who decided to get up and do something about the problems in another country. They started with a small group of friends who wanted to see what was happening in Uganda, and they ended up telling the story of many children who lost their family or are scared to go out of their camps because of fear for becoming a child soldier. This small group ended up involving the entire United States and all of it’s teens to at least give them knowledge of what was happening. This group helped inspire other teens to do something about Darfur. __Solutions: Marie Davis__ The United Nations are taking preventable measures to try and help the genocide in Darfur. During the year of 2004 the United Nations began relocating refugees to the first safe camp. The UN agencies are stepping up on humanitarian support to refugees in Chad. The UN and Sudan signed a joint communiqué where they both made pledges to end the conflict in Darfur. They promised to help the African Union deploy ceasefire monitors and provide more humanitarian aid. The UN has been criticized for failing their order for 26,000 peacekeepers to be sent to Darfur (Mac Farquhar). The U.N passed a resolution on July 31st that stated that they are going to deploy more than 26,000 troops and police in Darfur. At least 20,000 people have died and many people displaced. China has really helped the genocide in Darfur. China buys much of Sudan’s oil. For many years China didn’t do anything and just lay back because they didn’t want to get in the way of their oil selling, because they relied on Sudan a lot. China finally gave into helping Darfur after being pressured way too much. The U.N. needed to find troops and police for the mission. The people of Sudan also have to accept the troops from Asia and everywhere else in the world. Since the U.N. troops arrived in Darfur they have tried their best to defeat the government (“No time to take the pressure off”). While the United States declared the killings in Darfur were genocide on July 22, 2004, but the genocide began in 2003. The U.S. had some things to help stop but not enough. The United States wanted to help because they felt like at first they didn’t want to get involved but then they started to slowly get involved. They had plans and goals to help but didn’t really act fast enough to help. When they did get involved they tried to help but were violating some of the people’s human rights. They didn’t want to take the risks to help stop the genocide. So here are some recommendations that FCNL has come up with to help out this situation (“Ending Genocide in Darfur”). There needs to be some steps by communities to help this situation of violence in Darfur. These are some ways in which to help. These parties should follow the ceasefire agreement and try to put an end to the violence, and get a strong supporting agreement as fast as they can. The Sudan government and the rebel group signed the ceasefire agreement recently on March 18, 2010. The U.S. should give peace talks and give 2.financial support to discussions. There needs to be an increase in compassionate and developmental support in order to meet the basic needs in Darfur. We must support the African Union peacekeeper in Darfur and an international peacekeeping to look after civilians. The African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) has continued to protect troops that are fighting, and save people from being killed. If there are more international peacekeepers around to watch the civilians then it could relieve problems like violence, increase the protection, facilitate relief of charitable help, and give protection for future return of the people displaced by this crises. The U.S. should try to work with the African Union to set up and try to pass a resolution through the UN Security Council authorizing a handover of AMIS to UN peacekeepers. The U.S. should also provide more funding, equipment, and logistic support to AMIS to make sure civilians are protected. There needs to be enforcement on travel bans and asset freezes on individual responsible for the genocide. We need to make sure that we keep and reinforce the weapons restriction and U.S. prohibitions against military assist to Sudan. We need to maintain a broad and lasting peace for all people of the area as the highest importance for U.S. policy toward Sudan (“Ending Genocide in Darfur”). President Obama had three goals that he hopes to use to solve the situation in Darfur. The first goal he had was to get an immediate end to the problem, the mistreatment of the rights of humans, and the situation that is happening in Darfur. The second goal is to start the North-South Comprehensive Peace Agreement so that there can be a peaceful 2011 in Sudan and that they can be together, or a straight direction toward two different and practical states at peace with each other. The last goal is to make sure that Sudan doesn’t provide a safe place for the terrorist from around the world. They say that they won’t waste any time in trying to achieve their goals for a nonviolent and secure Sudan. They have willpower of the U.S. and the partners to help bring peace to Sudan (“Situation in Sudan”). <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold'; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Aftermath:Kailana Sanborn <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">When America finally found out about what was happening in Darfur they used the power of the constitution to pressure the government into helping them out. The first amendment of freedom of speech, was constantly used to show the government that they do know and that they don’t want to sit down and do nothing while people are dieing for no good reason. “We are screaming so much that the exhibit is bursting out of the walls..” says John Hefferem, director of the genocide prevention initiative in the US Holocaust Memorial located in Washinigton. In this museum there is an exhibit that shows what is happening in Darfur and what we should be doing to help other human beings. They declared the killings in Darfur a genocide in the summer of 2004. (Greene) it was exhibits like this that pushed the american government to get involved and start to speak up about what was happening. So finally Bush requests to send american troops to help protect the people in Darfur and to move them safely to Chad, the neighbooring country. His request was denied by the UN because of Sudan and it’s conflicting title of the situation. They did not call it a genocide yet, they still called it a civil war.(“On our watch”) The UN took years to decide what to call the killings in Darfur. They had countless meetings, and many disputes on what to do. Yet while they were trying to decide what to do people like Ana Slavin and Nick Anderson were raising money to send to Darfur for food and protection. Teens were getting involved in rallys and started watching the news to figure out what was happening. People started getting involved in the trials and tribulations of the entire world, instead of in the trials of their own lives. Celebrities started taking major interests such as George Clooney and Mia Farrow who have both headed many causes to fight for these people. They have also visited Darfur and came back to the U.S. to share their expieriences. (“On Our Watch”/ Greene) It is when celebrities like these, and teens like Anderson and Slavin get together that things become accomplished. They are the reason why we fight for others, and why others have a hope for tomorrow and a better future. Today there is an agreement to stop the violence. The UN sent 26,000 african soldiers on July 31, 2007. These soldiers were ordered not to disarm the Jangiwee unless they are fired upon. They were ordered to protect the refugees in the camps at Chad.(“On Our Watch”) Part of the war spilled over to this country and was relieved by the UN. Yet even though these troops were sent in to help aid the refugees, the war is still not over. “This is incredibly premature. To say the war in darfur is over directly contradicts what we see on the ground.” Colin Thomas-Jensen said this, he is the policy adviser for the Enough which is an anti-genocide project at the canter for American Progress in washington. (Meldrum). The Jangiwee are not done with what they started. They have a job to finish, and they won’t stop until they do. There will be more war, militia are stocking up and weapons to prepare for this occurance. Refugees can’t be safely moved to a camp because of the large number of people they have. It is still a place filled with terror and fear of what lays beyond the other side of the mountain. Everyday it is harder for the people to get basic nessecities of survival. The killings may have stopped for now, but the emotional torture has jut begun for these people. __Conclusion__ The United States actions to stop the genocide in Darfur helped to advance United Nations peace keeping efforts but has not totally stopped the conflict because of a compromise of humanitarian and diplomatic considerations. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In addition, the actions of former President George Bush and current President Barack Obama involve economic sanctions to restrict business transactions with Sudan and provide incentives for the current Sudan government to put an end to the conflict. Many international human rights groups including Save Darfur Coalition and the Enough project criticize the U.S. actions as inadequate and call for direct U.S. intervention to end the Darfur conflict and potential genocide. These movements get a lot of publicity because their supporters are film stars and wealthy philantropists. At this time, reports from UN-African Union Mission (Unamid) conclude that the conflict in Darfur has substantially subsided and stability exists in the region. Furthermore, this stability will lead to next year’s general elections in Sudan and a political settlement of the problems in the region. There is no questions that atrocities including genocide existed in the Darfur region in the past but at this time, these atrocities have subsided because of the presence of Unamid. President Obama has resisted the demands for direct and greater U.S. involvement than what has been done in the past. With the oversight of the United Nations and the presence of Unamid, Obama insists that a nation like Sudan should be able to determine its future free from foreign involvement. Our group agrees with this present U.S. position because a political solution now appears feasibly in Sudan. Our experience in the Iraq turmoil should be a lesson that direct military action should be undertaken only as a last resort and only after trying to resolve conflicts under the leadership of the U.N. and with the consensus and advice of other major nations. __Works Cited__ __“__90% of the weapons for Darfur come from China.” AsiaNews. 14 Mar. 2008. Web. 6 Mar.2010. < [] >.

“Darfur History.” Amnesty International U.S.A. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. __ < __ [|http://www.amnestyU.S.a.org/darfur/darfur-history/page.do?id=1351103] __>.__

de Waal, Alex. “The politics of peace.” New Statesman 28 Sep. 2009: 44-45. Print.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Ending Genocide in Darfur, Promoting Peace in Sudan: FCNL Recommendation for U.S. Policy” <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman Italic'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Friends Committee on National Legislation. 17 Oct. 2006. Web. 31 Jan. 2010. __<__[]<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">__>__

Greene, Richard Allen. “Americans take up Darfur’s cause”. BBC News. 20 November 2006. <[] > Mac Farquhar, Neil. “U.N. Officials Turn Focus to Sudan’s South- NYTimes.com .” The New York Times-Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2010. __<__[] __>.__

Meldrum, Andrew.”war in Darfur Over? Not Quite”. Global Post. 27 August 2009. Web. 9 Feb. 2010. <[|http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/africa/090827/war-darfur-over-not? page=0,1] >. __"__No time to take the pressure off." Economist 4 Aug. 2007: 10. Print.

“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict.” BBC News. 8 Feb. 2010. Web. 13 Feb. 2010. <[|http:// news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3496731.stm] >. “What Is The Crisis In Darfur.” DAC. 30 Sep. 2005. Web. 6 Mar. 2010. <[] >.

Presentation Outline Summary We chose to do our project on the Darfur genocide to learn about what the United States has been doing to help stop genocide and the conflict in Darfur and whether the United States needs to do more. The United States actions to stop the genocide in Darfur have helped to advance United Nations peace keeping efforts but has not totally stopped the conflict because of a compromise of humanitarian and diplomatic considerations. This report discusses the background and history of the conflict and how the actions of the U.S. has contributed to the solution of stopping genocide and the conflict in Darfur. This reports also discusses the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and how it applies to Darfur. President Obama has resisted the demands for direct and greater U.S. involvement than what has been done in the past. With the oversight of the United Nations and the presence of UNAMID, Obama insists that a nation like Sudan should be able to determine its future free from foreign involvement. Our group agrees with this present U.S. position because a political solution now appears feasible in Sudan as a result of the ceasefire and upcoming elections. Our experience in the Iraq conflict should be a lesson that direct military action should be undertaken only as a last resort and only after trying to resolve conflicts under the leadership of the U.N. and with the consensus and advice of other major nations.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Slide 1 : Title: United States Actions to Stop Genocide in Darfur <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Slide 2 : Thesis/Intro <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Slide 3 : History and Background of Darfur: When it started, How/Why is started, Between who <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Slide 4 : America’s View: UN finds out about killings, America finds out, Support groups, Invisible children <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Slide 5 : The Support Groups: Dollars for Darfur, Invisible Children, George Clooney/Mia Farrow <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Slide 6 : War is at a stand still and stopped for now, stock on weapons, fear of war <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Slide 7 : United Nations: 2004: began relocating refugees to the first safe camps, Joint communique was signed by UN & Sudan pledged to end conflict in Darfur, Pledged to help African Union deploy ceasefire monitors and provide humanitarian aid, Resolution passed July 31st: deployed more than 26,000 troops and police to Darfur <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Slide 8 : China’s role in Darfur China buys much of Sudan’s oil <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Slide 9 : U.S. assisting Darfur: African Mission in Sudan, Reinforce weapon restrictions, U.S. ban against military to assist Sudan Start of North-South comprehensive Peace agreement <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Slide 10 : Violating Human Rights: Articles 3, 5, 7, and 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Slide 11 : Conclusion <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">

Final Paper

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif'; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 200%;">United States Actions to Stop Genocide in Darfur __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Introduction: Kailana Sanborn __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif'; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 200%; msotabcount: 1;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">We chose to do our project on the Darfur genocide to learn about what the United States has been doing to help stop genocide and the conflict in Darfur. The United States actions to stop the genocide in Darfur have helped to advance United Nations peace keeping efforts but has not totally stopped the conflict because of a compromise of humanitarian and diplomatic considerations. This report will discuss the background and history of the conflict and how the actions of the U.S. has contributed to the solution of stopping genocide and the conflict in Darfur. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A lot of time has elapsed since the Darfur conflict started in 2003. While some progress has been made in reaching a partial peace settlement, many feel there should be a greater sense of urgency at the U.N. and other nations like the U.S. to help permanently settle this conflict, which has resulted in genocide in Darfur. There is a difference of opinion on how much the U.S. should be involved in settling the Darfur conflict. The report will conclude with our opinion on whether the U.S., with its economic, diplomatic and military powers, should do more to end the Darfur conflict. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';"> __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Background and History: Erin Shirai __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> The Darfur conflict started in February 2003. The conflict was between the Sudan Liberation Army and Justice and Equality Movement against the government and the Janjaweed militia. It started because Black Africans felt that the government oppressed them economically and politically in favor of Arabs (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> The conflict has economic, political, and ethnic origins. Its economic parts lie in the competition between pastoralists (Arab Africans) and agriculturalists (non-Arab Africans) over resources, such as land and water. Politics has favored Arab Africans over non- Arab Africans because Arab Africans control the political power in Sudan’s capital city of Khartoum. Finally, it has acquired an ethnic dimension in which civilians are deliberately being targeted in the basis of their ethnicity (“What Is The Crisis In Darfur”). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> One side was made up of Sudanese military and the Janjaweed, a Sudanese militia group recruited from the Afro-Arab Abbala tribes in the Rizeigat region in Sudan. These tribes are camel-herding nomads. The word Janjaweed means devil on horsebacks (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> The government denies any contact with the Arab Janjaweed militia, who are accused of “cleansing Black Africans” from large territories in Sudan. President Omar al-Basir called the Janjaweed “thieves and gangsters” although his government has been accused of supporting and supplying the Janjaweed troops (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Refugees have said that air raids by the government aircrafts were followed by attacks from the Janjaweed, who would ride into villages on horses and camels, killing men, raping women, and raiding houses. The United Nations says more that 2.7 million have lost their homes and live in camps near Darfur’s main towns or across the border into Chad. Darfur natives say the Janjaweed patrol outside of the camps, and men are killed and women are raped if they go too far to search for firewood or water (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> The United Nations say that up to 300,000 people have died from the effect of war, starvation, and disease. President Bashir sets the death toll at 10,000. Accurate figures are hard to research and have made no distinction whether those who died as a result of violence or those who have died as a result of starvation or disease in camps. The numbers are crucial in determining whether the deaths in Darfur are caused by genocide (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> In July of 2004, the African Union Mission in Sudan began deployment. Given a mandate to monitor and report, the mission attempted to provide some measure of security for civilians and aid workers in Darfur. In January of 2005, the UN Secretary-General’s Commission of Inquiry of Darfur issued a report the there were 1.6 million displaced people as a result of the violence and more than 200,000 refugees from Darfur in neighboring Chad (“Darfur History”). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> In 2006, the Darfur Peace Agreement was signed between the government of Sudan and one of the armed forces fighting in Darfur-the Sudan Liberation Army. Most of the peace agreement has not been implemented. On July 31, 2007, the UN council unanimously passed Resolution 1769 that authorized the deployment of 26,000 peacekeepers and police under the UN African Union Hybrid (UNAMID) mission in Darfur. On January 1, 2008, there was a transfer in command from the African Union to UNAMID (“Darfur History”). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> The U.S. and human right groups have said genocide is taking place. On the other hand, a UN investigation team in 2005 concluded that war crimes had been committed, but these war crimes did not include genocide because the war crimes did not meet the definition of genocide as a deliberate and systematic act. Genocide is defined as the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group (“Q&A: Sudan’s Darfur Conflict”). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Sudan has bought 90% of its weapons that were used in the Darfur war from China, in violation of the UN embargo. China has sold 55 million dollars worth of weapons since the violence has been escalating in Darfur, and China is now practically the only weapons supplier for Sudan, which pays China back in oil. Human Rights First insists that, to stop the genocide, these sales must be stopped above all (“90% of the weapons for Darfur come from China”). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Reports conclude the conflict in Darfur has been stabilizing. Armed conflict in the area is nearly over. After a long history of displacement and destruction, the presence of the UN-African Union Hybrid Mission UNAMID has created stability in most areas and the opportunities for further progress are strong (de Waal). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> In August 2009, General Marin Luther Agwai, a Unamid force commander said: “As of today, I would not say there is a war going on in Darfur. ... I think the real thing now is to speed up the political process.” Agwai’s emphasis on the need for political process fits in with the movement of Sudan’s civil society organizations and political parties, which are working to open up the political process for next year’s general elections (de Waal). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> A different view is taken by international humanitarian campaigns, especially those in the U.S., who claim that they want the same thing as the Sudanese: peace and democracy but call for strong U.S. intervention to carry out these ends. Examples of this are the Save Darfur Coalition and the Enough project, which call for strong U.S. action to end genocide and rely on public emotion and sentiment. Supporters of these movements include film stars and private philanthropists, and other so-called “designer activists.” While these supporters unintentionally provide awareness about wars and mass atrocities in faraway lands, they also can promote U.S. imperialism in the name of philanthropy rather than allowing the political process in a foreign country address its own problems with the oversight of the United Nations (de Waal). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> President Barack Obama so far has resisted the resisted the demands of these movements for direct and greater U.S. involvement over and above what is happening through UNAMID and the Sudanese political process. Obama insists that a nation like Sudan should be able to determine its future free from foreign involvement (de Waal). __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">America’s View: Kailana Sanborn __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> The United Nations found out about the killings in Darfur in 2003. They’ve had numerous meetings to decide if what was happening was actually genocide. ( <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Italic','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">On Our Watch <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">) When the rest of the world started to find out about the situation in Darfur, they started putting pressure on the UN to do something about it. More and more young people started to get involved and made Anti-genocide groups like “ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Italic','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dollars for Darfur <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">” (Greene) “... our generation is going to have to inherit this whole world full of problems.”(Slavin/Greene) These groups and rallies are what pressured the UN to finally send Darfur some relief in 2007. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> During this time, President Bush came into office. After Clinton didn’t attempt to help with the problems in Rwanda, Bush had to inherit the blame for lack of support, and he had to prove that he was the right man to be put in that position. He felt the pressure that the people of the United States were giving him, so he sent a request to the UN to send American troops as relief into Sudan to the save the people in Darfur, but that plan didn’t work out so well. The people of America got wind of the situation and wanted to do something about it. So instead of the government fighting for the people of Darfur, they had the people of America fighting for Darfur aid. The UN took years to decide what to call the killings in Darfur. They had countless meetings and many disputes on what to do. Yet while they were trying to decide what to do people like Ana Slavin and Nick Anderson were raising money to send to Darfur for food and protection. Teens were getting involved in rallies and started watching the news to figure out what was happening. People started getting involved in the trials and tribulations of the entire world, instead of in the trials of their own lives. Celebrities started taking major interests such as George Clooney and Mia Farrow, who both have headed many causes to fight for these people. They have also visited Darfur and came back to the U.S. to share their experiences. (<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Italic','serif';">On Our Watch / Greene) It is when celebrities like these, and teens like Anderson and Slavin get together that things become accomplished. They are the reason why we fight for others, and why others have a hope for tomorrow and a better future. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> A major group involved was Invisible Children. Invisible children doesn’t focus on Darfur, it mostly focuses on Uganda, but they are an inspiring group who decided to get up and do something about the problems in another country. They started with a small group of friends who wanted to see what was happening in Uganda, and they ended up telling the story of many children who lost their family or are scared to go out of their camps because of fear for becoming a child soldier. This small group ended up involving the entire United States and all of its teens to at least give them knowledge of what were happening. This group helped inspire other teens to do something about Darfur. (Invisible Children presented at my old school last year) __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Solutions: Marie Davis __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> The United Nations is taking preventable measures to try and help the genocide in Darfur. During the year of 2004 the United Nations began relocating refugees to the first safe camp. The UN agencies are stepping up on humanitarian support to refugees in Chad. The UN and Sudan signed a joint communiqué where they both made pledges to end the conflict in Darfur. They promised to help the African Union deploy ceasefire monitors and provide more humanitarian aid. The UN has been criticized for failing their order for 26,000 peacekeepers to be sent to Darfur (Mac Farquhar). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> The U.N passed a resolution on July 31st that stated that they are going to deploy more than 26,000 troops and police in Darfur. Approximately 200,000-300,000 people have died and many people displaced. China has really helped the genocide in Darfur. China buys much of Sudan’s oil. For many years China didn’t do anything and just lay back because they didn’t want to get in the way of their oil selling, because they relied on Sudan a lot. China finally gave into helping Darfur after being pressured just enough. The people of Sudan also have to accept the troops from Asia and everywhere else in the world. Since the U.N. troops arrived in Darfur they have tried their best to defeat the government (“No time to take the pressure off”). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> While the United States declared the killings in Darfur were genocide on July 22, 2004, but the genocide began in 2003. The U.S. didn’t do enough to help stop the genocide in Darfur. The United States wanted to help because they felt like at first they didn’t want to get involved but then they started to slowly get involved. They had plans and goals to help but didn’t really act fast enough to help. When they did get involved they tried to help but were violating some of the people’s human rights. They didn’t want to take the risks to help stop the genocide. So here are some recommendations that FCNL, has come up with to help out this situation (“Ending Genocide in Darfur”). We feel that what the United States did to help has further advanced the United Nations peace keeping efforts. The American people have begun doing rallies and hosting talks. They started offering help by sending troops to help protect the people, but they got denied. The U.S. people pushed the U.N. government to help because the government didn’t want anything to do with it at first. Then after some time they finally realized that this situation happening was genocide and they slowly started to help, and it was an eye awakening for them ( <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Italic','serif';">On Our Watch <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> We feel that what the United States did to help has further advanced United Nations peacekeeping efforts. The U.S. has tried to compromise and help the situation, but not ended it completely because it’s still going on today. The U.S. people are taking steps, but haven’t stopped the conflict all together. There needs to be some steps by communities to help this situation of violence in Darfur. These are some ways in which to help. These parties should follow the ceasefire agreement and try to put an end to the violence, and get a strong supporting agreement as fast as they can. The Sudan government and the rebel group signed the ceasefire agreement recently on March 18, 2010. The U.S. should give peace talks and give financial support to discussions. There needs to be an increase in compassionate and developmental support in order to meet the basic needs in Darfur. We must support the African Union peacekeeper in Darfur and an international peacekeeping to look after civilians. The African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) has continued to protect troops that are fighting, and save people from being killed. If there are more international peacekeepers around to watch the civilians then it could relieve problems like violence, increase the protection, facilitate relief of charitable help, and give protection for future return of the people displaced by this crises. The U.S. should try to work with the African Union to set up and try to pass a resolution through the UN Security Council authorizing a handover of AMIS to UN peacekeepers. The U.S. should also provide more funding, equipment, and logistic support to AMIS to make sure civilians are protected. There needs to be enforcement on travel bans and asset freezes on individual responsible for the genocide. We need to make sure that we keep and reinforce the weapons restriction and U.S. prohibitions against military assist to Sudan. We need to maintain a broad and lasting peace for all people of the area as the highest importance for U.S. policy toward Sudan (“Ending Genocide in Darfur”). We feel that it’s very important for what the U.S. should do because this will help to resolve humanitarian and diplomatic consideration. It will also help to build a stronger government. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> President Obama had three goals that he hopes to use to solve the situation in Darfur. The first goal he had was to get an immediate end to the problem, the mistreatment of the rights of humans, and the situation that is happening in Darfur. The second goal is to start the North-South Comprehensive Peace Agreement so that there can be a peaceful 2011 in Sudan and that they can be together, or a straight direction toward two different and practical states at peace with each other. The last goal is to make sure that Sudan doesn’t provide a safe place for the terrorist from around the world. The U.S. say that they won’t waste any time in trying to achieve their goals for a nonviolent and secure Sudan. Sudan has the willpower of the U.S. and the partners to help bring peace to Sudan (Gration). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Human rights belong to everyone and it’s based on what they believe in. Everyone has their own beliefs and is entitled to have their own opinion. The United States started to help end the genocide in Darfur during the year of 2004. A human right is any right or freedom to which all human beings are permitted and in whose exercise a government may not interfere. Everyone is entitled to their own opinion. The “everybody” includes males, and females. They come from all different cultures of the world and should be treated as human. Some humans are mistreated because their different backgrounds are looked down upon. I think that since we were all born into this world we should all be considered humans. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> The United States helped end with the genocide in Darfur because human rights were being violated. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights applies because my topic is what the United States is doing to help solve genocide in Darfur. I think article three applies to my topic for the project because it says that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. The people in Darfur should all be able to have the right to live life normally just like any other human being. They should all be able to feel safe where they live and that nobody will harm them. They all want freedom to be able to say what they want and do what they want. Article five also relates to my project because it says that no one should be subject to torture and I feel that the genocide in Darfur is killing so many and the United States will be coming in to do whatever they can to stop the violence. It also says that no one should be treated unfairly by brutally or degrading treatment or punishment for not following the rules. I think that during the Darfur genocide many people were treated brutally and were severely punished for not following the rules. I don’t think that should ever be the case because God made everyone unique and no one should ever take the gift of God away from any human being. Article seven is being violated because it states that all are entitled to equal protection against being discriminated and the people in Darfur are being mistreated. Article nine says that no one should be sent away and many people in Darfur are leaving their country so they can stay safe and not be harmed by the government (Shiman). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> We believe that since the consequences have been broken, the United States should take action to try and help the genocide in Darfur. The U.S shouldn’t take over the country, but try in any way that they can to offer assistance. The U.S. should have set up refugee camps so people can go there for safety. They should also send in troops to help keep the people protected from being killed. The United States should be able to provide food and medical supplies in order to help them to keep surviving. __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Aftermath:Kailana Sanborn __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> When America finally found out about what was happening in Darfur they used the power of the constitution to pressure the government into helping them out. The first amendment of freedom of speech was constantly used to show the government that they did know what was happening and that they don’t want to sit down and do nothing while people are dying for no good reason. “We are screaming so much that the exhibit is bursting out of the walls...” says John Hefferem, director of the genocide prevention initiative in the US Holocaust Memorial located in Washington. In this museum there is an exhibit that shows what is happening in Darfur and what we should be doing to help other human beings. They declared the killings in Darfur genocide in the summer of 2004. (Greene) So finally Bush requested to send American troops to help protect the people in Darfur and to move them safely to Chad, the neighboring country. His request was denied by the UN because Sudan stilled called it a “civil war” while everyone else called it genocide. (<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Italic','serif';">On Our watch ) Today there is an agreement to stop the violence. The UN sent 26,000 African soldiers on July 31, 2007. These soldiers were ordered not to disarm the Jangiweed unless they are fired upon. They were ordered to protect the refugees in the camps at Chad. (<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Italic','serif';">On Our Watch ) Part of the war spilled over to this country and was relieved by the UN. Yet even though these troops were sent in to help aid the refugees, the war is still not over. “This is incredibly premature. To say the war in Darfur is over directly contradicts what we see on the ground.” Colin Thomas-Jensen said this; he is the policy adviser for “Enough” which is an anti-genocide project at the center for American Progress in Washington. (Meldrum). The killings may have stopped for now, but the emotional torture has just begun for these people. The Janjaweed are not done with what they started. They have a job to finish, and they won’t stop until they do. Refugees can’t be safely moved to a camp because of the large number of people they have. It is still a place filled with terror and fear of what lies beyond the other side of the mountain. Every day it is harder for the people to get basic necessities of survival. There will be more war, militia are stocking up and weapons to prepare for this occurrence. __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman Bold','serif';">Conclusion: Erin Shirai __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> The United States actions to stop the genocide in Darfur helped to advance United Nations peace keeping efforts but has not totally stopped the conflict because of a compromise of humanitarian and diplomatic considerations. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> In addition, the actions of former President George Bush and current President Barack Obama involve economic sanctions to restrict business transactions with Sudan and provide incentives for the current Sudan government to put an end to the conflict. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Many international human rights groups including Save Darfur Coalition and the Enough Project criticize the U.S. actions as inadequate and call for direct U.S. intervention to end the Darfur conflict and potential genocide. These movements get a lot of publicity because their supporters are film stars and wealthy philanthropists. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> At this time, reports from UN-African Union Hybrid Mission (UNAMID) conclude that the conflict in Darfur has substantially subsided and stability exists in the region. Furthermore, this stability will lead to next year’s general elections in Sudan and a political settlement of the problems in the region. There is no question that atrocities including genocide existed in the Darfur region in the past but at this time, these atrocities have subsided because of the presence of UNAMID. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> President Obama has resisted the demands for direct and greater U.S. involvement than what has been done in the past. With the oversight of the United Nations and the presence of UNAMID, Obama insists that a nation like Sudan should be able to determine its future free from foreign involvement. Our group agrees with this present U.S. position because a political solution now appears feasible in Sudan as a result of the ceasefire and upcoming elections. Our experience in the Iraq conflict should be a lesson that direct military action should be undertaken only as a last resort and only after trying to resolve conflicts under the leadership of the U.N. and with the consensus and advice of other major nations. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">

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